eIF2B is a decameric guanine nucleotide exchange factor with a 22 tetrameric core
eIF2B is a decameric guanine nucleotide exchange factor with a 22 tetrameric core. in a decreased shuttling of eIF2. Interestingly, drugs that inhibit the ISR can rescue eIF2 shuttling in a manner correlating to levels of eIF2-P. In contrast, smaller bodies show increased eIF2 shuttling in response to stress, which is accompanied by the localization of eIF2B to these bodies, suggesting the formation of a novel trimeric complex of eIF2B. This response is mimicked by ISR-inhibiting drugs, providing insight into their potential mechanism of action. This study provides evidence that the composition and function of mammalian eIF2B bodies are regulated by the ISR and the drugs that control it. INTRODUCTION The complex process by which ribosomes are first recruited to mRNA and an appropriate start codon for Rabbit Polyclonal to MRPS18C a protein-coding sequence is selected, is defined as translation initiation. In eukaryotes, the highly conserved heterotrimeric G-protein eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) is essential for this process. In its active, guanosine triphosphate (GTP) bound form, eIF2 binds to paederosidic acid an initiator methionyl-tRNA (Met-tRNAi) molecule to form a ternary complex (TC). The TC is loaded onto the small (40S) ribosomal subunit facilitated by the binding of other eIFs, to form a 43S preinitiation complex (PIC). The PIC is recruited to the 5-end of a target mRNA molecule and scans the mRNA sequence for a start codon (Hinnebusch and Lorsch, 2012 ). On start codon recognition, eIF2-GTP is hydrolyzed mediated by the GTPase-activating protein eIF5 (Huang and human eIF2B contains this decamer arranged with a eIF2B()2 hexameric regulatory core, bound by two eIF2B() catalytic subcomplexes on opposite paederosidic acid sides (Kashiwagi and that eIF2B localizes to large cytoplasmic eIF2B bodies (Campbell = 3); (ii) within the population of cells containing a Mix of eIF2B bodies, the mean number of L, M, and S eIF2B bodies. (D) Confocal images of endogenous eIF2B subunits localizing to cytoplasmic bodies. U373 cells were fixed in methanol and subject to ICC with (left to right) anti-eIF2B, anti-eIF2B, anti-eIF2B, anti-eIF2B, or anti-eIF2B primary antibodies and visualized using appropriate secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488. Owing to the size of the eIF2B bodies, we wanted to ensure that these bodies were not the result of ubiquitin-directed protein aggregation and therefore aggregsomes of misfolded proteins. While ubiquitination can target cells for a number of functions, only the presence of poly-ubiquitin targets specific proteins for degradation by the proteasome (Kleiger and Mayor, 2014 ). To test this, immunofluorescence was perfomed on cells using the poly-ubiquitin FK1 antibody. As shown in Supplemental Figure S1B, eIF2B bodies do not colocalize with aggregates of poly-ubiquitin, suggesting they are not sites of misfolded proteins. Another possibility for this localization could be that the GFP tag itself may be responsible for the observed aggregation rather than the eIF2B subunit. To address this, cells expressing a GFP-only control plasmid were visualized and no localized foci were observed (Supplemental Figure S2A). Furthermore, we observed cytoplasmic foci with eIF2B C-terminally tagged with myc (Supplemental Figure S2B). Quantification of cells harboring eIF2B-myc revealed a similar pattern of distribution to the GFP-tagged subunit (Supplemental Figure S2C, i and ii), providing further evidence the eIF2B subunit is responsible for paederosidic acid the observed localization. Translation initiation factors are known to aggregate to stress granules during stress (Kedersha and Anderson, 2002 ). To confirm that these eIF2B bodies are distinct from stress granules, cells were exposed to either ER stress using thapsigargin (Tg) or oxidative stress using sodium arsenite (SA). The stress granule markers G3BP and eIF3b were used to identify stress granules. On exposure to both stresses, G3BP and eIF3b aggregated into distinct stress granules; however, no colocalization of these stress granules with eIF2B bodies was observed in these cells,.