Ka/Ks and LOD were calculated from the CorMut R package53
Ka/Ks and LOD were calculated from the CorMut R package53. or their complexes with neutralizing antibodies. Notably, almost all of the recognized residues could be mapped to the epitopes of known HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, especially the epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies, and these mutations tended to compromise antibody-antigen relationships. These results indicate the escape of HIV-1 from sponsor humoral immunity may play a direct part in TF in long-term antiretroviral-experienced individuals and that based on env gene sequence of the viruses in the individuals. Introduction Quick replication dynamics and high mutation rate Rabbit Polyclonal to Glucokinase Regulator of human being immunodeficiency computer virus type 1 (HIV-1) allows the computer virus to evolve continually and quickly during the course of illness1. With the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART), a combination of three or more potent antiretroviral medicines, serious suppression of viral replication has been achieved, and HIV-1-connected mortality has been dramatically reduced2, GSK2239633A 3. Nonetheless, substantial variance of the computer virus is observed among individuals in response to treatment, with a substantial proportion of individuals experiencing treatment failure, including virologic failure, i.e., failure to accomplish or maintain suppression of viral replication; immunologic failure, i.e., failure of CD4 count to increase; and subsequent medical failure4, 5. This interindividual heterogeneity in disease progression suggests that some host-related factors may have affected the effectiveness of ART. An understanding of such contributing factors associated with treatment failure is critical to developing an effective long-term HIV treatment strategy. Host immune response elicited by HIV-1 contributes to the repression of viral replication, but it varies greatly in different individuals6. Some HIV-1-infected individuals are able to develop greatly mutated, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of neutralizing a broad spectrum of HIV-1 isolates7C10. These bnAbs only appear after several years of HIV-1 illness, suggesting the continuous viral escape and selection by autologous neutralizing antibodies11, 12. It is also intriguing to observe that a small group of HIV-1-infected individuals ( 1%), termed elite controllers, spontaneously preserve undetectable levels of viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy by mounting strong immune responses directed at HIV-113, 14. Moreover, the escape mutants in the envelope glycoprotein (Env) during early HIV-1 illness primarily involved changes in N-linked glycosylation that could sterically GSK2239633A inhibit the convenience of neutralizing epitopes11, 15. All these findings suggest a GSK2239633A critical part of selective pressure exerted by sponsor humoral immune response in traveling HIV-1 evolution. However, in ART-treated individuals, the selective pressure is definitely mainly governed by antiretroviral medicines, and the effects of HIV-1 development and escape from host immune selective pressure on disease progression under long-term ART are largely unfamiliar. Therefore, to identify sponsor and viral factors associated with differing medical results in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving long-term antiretroviral treatment, we performed a retrospective cohort study of 45 chronically HIV-1-infected individuals posting a similar demographic and ethnic background. All these individuals were infected with HIV-1 subtype B through a similar route of illness, and they were enrolled in the National Totally free Antiretroviral Treatment Program in Anhui and Henan provinces, China. These individuals were classified into two organizations: virologically suppressed (VS, n?=?25) and treatment failure (TF, n?=?20), according to disease end result. The differences between the two groups with respect to medical, immunological and virological characteristics were then compared. Interestingly, diversity of HIV-1 quasispecies was found to become the major difference between the two groups. More specifically, compared to those in individuals in the VS group, both gp120 and gp41 gene quasispecies of HIV-1 in the TF individuals showed higher baseline diversity. Treatment failure-related adaptive mutations were further predicted by using a selection pressure-based analysis of single-genome amplification (SGA)-derived full-length HIV-1 quasispecies genes as previously reported16, whereby PCR products were derived from a single template molecule. Plasma collected at baseline and during ART was used to evaluate clonal genotypes. A total of 1 1,021 single-genome full-length gp160 amplicons GSK2239633A were acquired for cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis by SGA. Among these, 638 sequences derived from plasma of VS (n?=?352) and TF (n?=?286) at baseline were utilized for cross-sectional analysis..