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This includes the use of a system in which a strain with a gene deletion was genetically complemented with an enzymatically active GvpC-luciferase fusion protein which bound in vivo to GVNPs (DasSarma et al

This includes the use of a system in which a strain with a gene deletion was genetically complemented with an enzymatically active GvpC-luciferase fusion protein which bound in vivo to GVNPs (DasSarma et al. major GVNP protein, GvpA, which forms the striated GV membrane; the externally located GvpC protein, which strengthens and promotes growth; and five other gene products (GvpF, GvpG, GvpJ, GvpL, and GvpM) of yet unknown function (DasSarma et al. 1987; Halladay et al. 1993; Shukla and DasSarma 2004). GvpC is usually remarkable in being an extremely highly acidic (pI 3.57) hydrophilic protein with a predicted molecular mass of 42,391?Da, which has been shown to be valuable for bioengineering GVNPs and displaying foreign protein sequences on their surface (DasSarma et al. 1999). In sp. NRC-1, GvpC is usually capable of accommodating insertions (up to 1 1,200?bp) at its C-terminal end which contains an Pyrindamycin B extremely acidic region thought to stabilize the nanoparticles at the high salinity occurring in the cytoplasm of the extreme halophile (DasSarma et al. 2013). Insertion mutations further upstream in the gene resulted in Igf1 formation of smaller GVNPs less than half the length and width of the wild-type, consistent with its requirement for growth and stability of larger, wild-type structures (DasSarma et al. 1994). In cyanobacteria, a distantly related GvpC has also been shown to serve a strengthening role against collapse from hydrostatic pressure (Damerval et al. 1987; Griffiths et al. 1992; Dunton et al. 2006). A variety of genetic fusions to genes (and derivatives) have been used successfully to produce bioengineered nanoparticles with target proteins or peptides displayed in sp. NRC-1 (DasSarma and DasSarma 2015). This includes the use of a system in which a strain with a gene deletion was genetically complemented with an enzymatically active GvpC-luciferase fusion protein which bound in vivo to GVNPs (DasSarma et al. 2013). A series of GvpC fusion proteins with different lengths were tested for display. Those with GvpC-luciferase fusions at or near the C-terminus, but lacking the highly acidic region, performed better than shorter derivatives. This display system utilized strains as host for both genetic engineering and expression of the bioengineered GVNPs. GVNPs exhibit properties for biomedical uses including non-toxicity toward mammalian cells and animals, stability without a cold chain, light refraction and visual contrast, and delivery using microneedles (Andar et al. 2017; Yan et Pyrindamycin B al. 2020). Their applications include display of Gag coat protein of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) (DasSarma et al. 1999; Stuart et al. 2004; Sremac and Stuart 2008; 2010), antigens of responsible for venereal and ocular diseases (Childs and Webley 2012), invasion protein, SopB (DasSarma et al. 2014; 2015), and malaria parasite antigens, the circumsporozoite protein and enolase (Pecher et al. 2016; Dutta et al. 2015). GVNPs displaying a portion of bactericidal permeability-increasing protein exhibited anti-inflammatory and endotoxin-neutralizing activity as well as protective activity in a mouse model of endotoxic shock (Balakrishnan et al. 2016). To further expand the versatility of the GVNP system, we sought to develop a hybrid approach for display utilizing sp. NRC-1 for production of wild-type nanoparticles and GvpC fusion protein expression and production in GB domain name employing an expression system, followed by binding and displaying the fusion proteins around the haloarchaeal GVNPs. Our findings significantly enhance the versatility of bioengineered gas vesicles for displaying foreign proteins around the nanoparticle surface. Materials and methods Strains and culturing BL21(DE3) (New England Biolabs) was grown using Pyrindamycin B LB media. sp. NRC-1 (ATCC 700,922/JCM11081) was grown in CM+ media. For GVNP preparation, NRC-1 cultures were plated on CM+ agar plates with incubation at 37?C for 3?weeks until distinct pink turbid lawns were formed (DasSarma and Fleischmann 1995). Gas vesicle nanoparticle preparation GVNPs were prepared by lysing the lawns of sp. NRC-1 on agar plates with 5?ml of 1 1??PBS [137?mM NaCl, 2.7?mM KCl, 10?mM sodium phosphate dibasic, and 2?mM potassium phosphate monobasic (pH 7.2)] containing 1?mM MgSO4 and 1?mg/ml DNAse I (Sigma-Aldrich) followed by incubation for 3?h at 37?C. The lysates were then centrifuged at 400?rpm (60??g) overnight in a clinical centrifuge using a swinging bucket rotor. Intact buoyant GVNPs were collected and resuspended in 2C3 volumes of 1 1??PBS followed by centrifugation, and processed through four additional rounds of accelerated floatation until a milky white suspension of purified GVNPs was obtained (DasSarma et al. 2013). Recombinant DNA for bioengineering GVNPs The streptococcal protein GB1 domain name was selected for expression as an N-terminal His-tagged GvpCGB fusion protein (Nomellini et al. 2007). Four oligonucleotides corresponding to the region encoding the 54-amino acid IgG-binding domain were designed to correspond to the forward and reverse strands with ends flanked with sequences compatible for restriction endonucleases gene (BL21(DE3) to obtain the pETG19b-GvpC3GB.